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Skills

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Dealing With Accidental Decompression

Divers under the boatThere is nothing to fear about accidentally going into deco as long as you know what to do when it happens.

Simon is the best-selling author of Scuba Confidential – An Insider’s Guide to Becoming a Better Diver and Scuba Professional – Insights into Scuba Diver Training & Operations. Both books are available from Oceanic Ventures. Simon has also just published a new book for divers-to-be and absolute beginners called Scuba Fundamental – Start Diving the Right Way.
There is a very good reason why instructors tell their students not to go into deco and why dive computer manuals repeat the warning time after time.
Chances are that the cylinder on your back is usually your only air source when you dive. If you run very low on air or if you suffer a rapid loss of air supply, perhaps because of a regulator free flow or a split hose, then the best option you have is to make a slow controlled ascent directly to the surface.
Yes, an alternative option is to share air with an alert, calm and capable diver around who is carrying more air than they need and is both equipped and willing to share it. But you can’t depend that someone like that will be nearby when you need them.
If you stay calm and you are not in deco, that is to say, if your computer is not showing required decompression stops, you will make it safely to the surface. You will probably not be able to make a safety stop on the way up but that is not going to be health threatening. After all, a safety stop on a no-decompression-stops dive is a luxury rather than a necessity.
On the other hand, if you do have required decompression stops, then going straight to the surface and missing those stops is definitely a health risk! That is the main reason why divers are told, “don’t go into deco!”

But Divers Do It All The Time

You may not be surprised to hear that divers accidentally go into deco every day. This is because they are only human, they have fun diving and they tend to get distracted. If it has not yet happened to you, it certainly will, so it is useful to know what to do when it does!
Because they have heard the warning so often, divers tend to panic when they find themselves accidentally in deco. There is no need for anxiety. Going into deco will not hurt you. Going to the surface when you are in deco, however, may well hurt you.
Know how your computer works and what it looks like when you go into deco. Do not be the diver who gets back into the boat moaning about a “broken” computer that is actually functioning perfectly. It is just telling the diver that they should still be underwater waiting until their deco stops clear.
The first thing you notice when you go into deco is that your computer screen suddenly looks different. A new depth reading appears, usually 10ft or 20ft, and a new time display. The depth is your new ceiling; you must not go shallower than this. The time is either your decompression stop time at the ceiling or an indicator of the minimum time it will now take you to reach the surface taking into account both your ascent time and the decompression stop time.
Every brand of computer is different. There is no industry standard. You must know how yours works. I know the manual looks boring but take the time to study it. Trust me, if you see your computer’s deco screen for the first time deep down at 100ft with your brain befuddled by narcosis, you will have no idea what it is saying to you.

Snyder01Run The Clock Down

So what do you do next? First, look at your pressure gauge. If you still have plenty of air left, relax; you have nothing to be concerned about. Start ascending gradually, keeping an eye on your computer until the deco/ascent time figure stops growing. When the figure starts to drop, continue your dive at that depth but do not go deeper again. Eventually, the deco will clear and you will see your usual no decompression screen display again with plenty of minutes remaining.
Finally, end the dive a little earlier than originally planned to make sure you have plenty of air left to do an extended safety stop of eight or ten minutes before you surface.

Remember

1. Going into deco is nothing to panic about.
2. Know what your computer screen will look like when it happens.
3. Do a long safety stop at the end of every dive where you accidentally go into deco.

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Ten Tips for Reducing Your Air Consumption While Scuba Diving

 
A note about the author – Simon is the best-selling author of Scuba Confidential – An Insider’s Guide to Becoming a Better Diver and Scuba Professional – Insights into Scuba Diver Training & Operations. Both books are available now from Oceanic Ventures.

Once you have completed your first Scuba course and begin diving with more experienced divers, one of the first things you may notice is how much longer their air seems to last in comparison to yours. You are always running low before the rest of the group and having to cut short your buddy’s dive.

The people who scuba dive with you will not mind at all. They know you are a new diver and it was not so long ago that they were in a similar situation. However, you probably will mind and you will be looking for ways to breathe more efficiently and make your dives last longer.

Here are 10 tips guaranteed to improve your air consumption and also make you a better scuba diver in many other respects at the same time. Notice that none of these involves using a bigger cylinder!

Eric Relaxing before Scuba Diving in Grand Cayman
Eric Relaxing in Grand Cayman

Tip One – Get in the Mood

Take some quiet time on your own before each dive to relax and focus on what lies ahead. Breathe deeply and find a nice peaceful place in your mind. Put away any negative thoughts concerning other aspects of your life. You are going diving; there is nothing you can do about anything else while you are underwater.

Tip Two – Breathe Properly

Learn to breathe like a scuba diver. Breathe from the diaphragm; push your stomach out to allow your lungs to expand and draw in as much air as possible. Then breathe out long and slow, bringing your stomach in to reduce your lung volume to a minimum. Practice this long, deep, slow breathing cycle until it becomes instinctive. Not only will this help you to use less air, it will help you stay calm and think clearly.

Tip Three – Get Fit

Diving is a sport and the fitter you are, the better you will dive and the less air you will use. Start a programme of aerobic training and increase the level of your training as a dive trip approaches.

Scuba Diving in Chuuk (a.k.a. Truk Lagoon)Tip Four – Don’t Move

When you are underwater, only move your fins when you need to go somewhere. If you are not going anywhere, keep them still. Tuck your arms in, only use your hands if you need to signal and incline your body like a motorcyclist if you want to change direction or regain your equilibrium.

Tip Five – Remove Weight

Like many new divers, there is a good chance that you are wearing too much weight. A reliable indicator of this is if, after your initial descent, you have to add quite a lot of air to your BCD to keep you off the bottom. What happens next is that, when you start you swim, the air in your BCD lifts your upper torso and the weight around your middle drags your butt and legs down. This gives you the head up, tail down posture of a seahorse. Look at other new divers or ask a friend to take a short video of you, to see what I mean. Moving through water in this position requires much more effort and causes you to use up much more air than if you are horizontal, as you should be.

The trick is to reduce the amount of weight you are carrying. Start by removing one piece and, if you can still make a comfortable initial descent by exhaling fully as you leave the surface, remove another. If, at the end of a dive, you can hang at a depth of 10 to 20 ft. with 750 psi in your cylinder and an empty BCD, you are correctly weighted. Another little thing to remember: if you are wearing a weight-belt and a wetsuit, the belt will loosen and slip down onto your hips a little as the water pressure compresses your suit. So, once you are at depth, take a moment to hitch your weight-belt higher on your waist and tighten it a little. This will lift your legs up and give you a more horizontal posture in the water.

Tip Six – Do an In-Water Check

The whole gearing up, entry and descent process can be awkward and strenuous. For instance, you may be wearing a thick suit on a hot sunny day, there may be a lot of other divers around or the sea might be choppy. A whole host of factors can conspire to undo the positive effects of your pre-dive relaxation and the consequent stress can cause you to go through your air more quickly. So, once you are underwater and the confusion on the surface is behind you, make it a habit to pause briefly and go through a quick in-water check. Take a few seconds to compose yourself, get your slow, deep breathing cycle going, inspect your gear for problems and verify your cylinder pressure (Tip Eight) before heading off to the depths.

Tip Seven – Kick Differently

There are a number of easier ways to fin than the classic wide, full-legged scissor kick you used when you started diving. Learn about alternative techniques like frog kicks and modified flutter kicks. Ask your instructors to show you how or just watch and copy what they do. Using energy-saving fin techniques will reduce your air consumption considerably.

Tip Eight – Know your True Starting Pressure

The cylinder pressure you see when you check your gauge on a sunny boat deck is misleading, as the reading changes with the drop in temperature when you enter the relatively cool water. The underwater reading is your true starting pressure. If you are aware of this you can calculate your airtime (Tip Nine) and this will help you relax. A relaxed diver uses less air.

Tip Nine – Always Know How Much Air You Have

Always know how much air you have left and also have at least a rough idea in your mind of how long it is going to last. This is how you do it.

  1. As you descend, make a mental note of your air pressure, say 2900 psi
  2. After five minutes at depth, look again. Maybe you now have 2700 psi.
  3. This means you have used 200 psi.
  4. Assuming you are diving the deepest part of your dive first, you now know that you will use a maximum of 200 psi every five minutes.
  5. If you want to surface with 500 psi, you have 2200 psi left to use.
  6. So a simple calculation ((2200 / 200) x 5 minutes) tells you that you have AT LEAST 55 minutes of airtime left.

Scuba Diving in the Kensho maru engine roomTip Ten – Keep Calm

If you ever find yourself becoming anxious underwater, the chances are that the reason for this is that you have lost your deep, slow breathing cycle without noticing it. Maybe you have been fighting a current or trying to keep up with a buddy who is swimming at a pace that you are uncomfortable with. As soon as you are aware of your increasing anxiety, stop finning. Calm yourself down by inhaling fully and, most importantly, exhaling fully for a couple of minutes. As you take deeper and gradually less frequent breaths your mind will clear. Check your contents gauge. If you still have plenty of air left, continue with your dive. If your air supply is lower than you expected, ascend to a shallower depth. Remember, the shallower you are the less air you use.

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Getting in the Mood for Scuba Diving – the Importance of Mental Preparation

Scuba Diver in Raja Ampat IndonesiaDuring a scuba dive you are immersed in water – an alien environment – relying on your equipment, skills and knowledge to keep you alive. But an equally important tool that you can use to ensure that you make the most of the experience and stay safe is your attitude, your state of mind, something we can refer to as your mental conditioning.
Your mental conditioning determines the level of your performance in any sport and scuba diving is no exception. We should not underestimate the degree to which our thoughts and moods affect our performance, the level of enjoyment we derive from an activity and how well we deal with the stress of an emergency.
Here are a few tips to follow to make sure you are mentally prepared for diving.

Improve your Skills

Practice your self-rescue skills to the point where they can be performed automatically, so you know that in an emergency you will not have to think about the correct thing to do, you will just do it instinctively.

Scuba Diver in FijiBuild Water Confidence

Get more used to being surrounded by water, not just by doing more diving, although that is always a good idea. Go snorkelling, do some free-diving, swim more often, spend more time at a pool or the beach!

Get Fit

You need to be physically fit for diving as well as mentally fit. The better your fitness, the better you will deal with the rigours of swimming against a current or making a difficult shore exit in full-gear. And the more efficiently you will breathe and the longer your air supply will last.

Be Comfortable

The tendency to panic on a scuba dive can be increased by a number of external factors, chief among which are fatigue, alcohol, cold and discomfort. So don’t drink and dive and make sure you wear enough thermal protection for the environment. Replace your wetsuit regularly; frequent exposure to pressure crushes neoprene, reducing its efficiency. A new suit does not only make you look better, it keeps you warmer.

Breathe Correctly

Correct breathing helps you keep a clear head if a potentially stressful incident arises. The ideal diving breathing cycle begins with a long exhalation with your stomach pulled in enabling your lungs to expel as much tension-inducing carbon dioxide as possible. Follow this immediately by a long sustained inhalation with your stomach pushed out to allow your lungs to expand as much as they can. With practice, each diving breath in and out could last 7 seconds or so, giving you a 15 second breathing cycle. That means only four breaths a minute! As well as helping you think clearly, this will make your air last longer too!

Scuba Diver ThinkingVisualize

Before a scuba dive, do as the technical divers do. Sit in a quiet place and think about the dive ahead. Think positive thoughts; imagine all the wonderful things you are going to experience and picture a successful dive in your mind. See yourself early on as you descend, in control, checking all your gear is in place, relaxing your breathing rate, maintaining good buoyancy and staying in touch with your dive team. Then focus your thoughts on the dive itself. Visualise yourself feeling comfortable, checking your computer and SPG frequently, then making a slow, safe and controlled ascent with a safety stop, finally establishing buoyancy on the surface and ending the dive with plenty of air.

Remove Apprehension

Apprehension is a feeling of uncertainty about your ability to cope with a situation and it can be dangerous to begin a dive in this state of mind, as it does not take much for the apprehension to turn into panic. By thinking during your visualisation about what could happen and how you would deal with it, you can build your self-confidence and approach the dive with a positive, relaxed attitude.

Take Notice of Premonition

Premonition is a powerful feeling of foreboding. If you ever get the sense before a dive that something bad is going to happen and you just cannot shake it off or you just feel that you are not ready or in the mood to do the dive, then strongly consider either sitting out the dive or at least changing the plan.

A Final Word

As long as you have been well taught for the level of diving that you are engaged in and have kept up your skills, then by maintaining a clear head and a positive state of mind you can be confident of dealing with any situation.

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The Making of a Scuba Diver

Scuba Diver Susan Long Relaxing in Fiji
Susan Long Relaxing in Fiji

I have been scuba diving for over two years – since December 2012. Not only that, I had 100 dives within 10 months, and I had another 100 dives within another 10 months. I LOVE it! I am 59 years old, a retired IT professional, not athletic or mechanical in the slightest. How did I get here?

When we got married in 1992, my husband and I made a deal. He would not buy a Harley, and I would not go scuba diving. That way, we thought we could keep each other alive for a good long time. I have always had friends who scuba dived, and I have long been intrigued by it.

I swam for exercise in college – or more precisely, struggled through maybe 10 lengths a session. It was awful and so difficult, but for some reason, I did it. I did not enjoy it at all. Fast forward 25 years, and we went with some diving friends to the Yucatan for vacation. They did some diving, and we all snorkeled one day. I was terrified! I did not understand how I was supposed to breathe underwater. But I made myself jump in and try it, and within a minute or two, I was having a great time! There were lots of glamorous fish! Who knew? And I really enjoyed being in the water – which was also a surprise, after my college swimming experiences.

Scuba Divers Susan & Larry on a motorcycle trip
Susan and her husband, Larry on their last motorcycle trip.

After I retired in 2005, I decided to go to graduate school in Spanish Linguistics at the University of Houston. The parking is horrible! (The classes were great!) I soon realized if I had a motorcycle or scooter, I could park in the designated areas much more easily. So I bought a Vespa scooter! When my husband got over the shock, he got himself a Harley! So now I had permission to scuba dive! (We now both really enjoy our motorcycle trips together!)

I had permission to scuba dive, but on the other hand, I knew it was an expensive habit. I was reluctant to get a lot more “stuff”. We already had plenty of stuff. Being overweight, I didn’t think there would be enough weight available to keep me down (seriously). I also knew myself it could be dangerous – I had looked at some books detailing scuba diving “incidents” and they are pretty scary. You wonder why anyone comes back alive!

In the fall of 2012, my friend Donna Collins (another scuba diver, and Oceanic Ventures, Inc. denizen) and I were planning to go on a cruise to Costa Rica and Panama. She suggested that we could go snorkeling, and she might try to go diving. I was enthusiastic – I had not had a chance to go snorkeling in years! She took me to Oceanic Ventures to look into getting my own mask, snorkel, fins to take on the trip.

My First Trip the the Dive Store

Ann, Alex and David Morris were in the shop, and I will never forget the warm welcome. David took me under his wing and explained everything I wanted to know about masks, snorkels, fins. I could not believe how expensive they were! But I was sold on the part of getting good equipment so I could really enjoy the experience. I left with the mask, snorkel, fins, a bag, a skin, and maybe a few other goodies. David offered to give me a snorkeling class for free, which I gladly took him up on, since I was certainly not an expert snorkeler, having only done it once.

At the snorkeling class, I learned quite a bit, especially how to “duck dive!” David offered to give me a Try Scuba session, and I was, well, OK, sure! If he’s offering, I sure will try it. Within a few days, I was trying out the scuba equipment in the West U pool, and learning the first rule of scuba. I don’t remember exactly how it happened, but the next inevitable step was signing up for Open Water Scuba classes so I could go on the Cozumel trip that December. And buying all my equipment. Oceanic Ventures made it so easy. I could not have chosen (and still can’t) between Buoyancy Compensaters, Air Delivery System’s or computers. I trusted their advice, and I really liked the idea that they had a lot of experience with the equipment they sold, and they believed in it for all levels of diving.

Open Water Scuba Training with Oceanic Ventures

I had a great time in the Open Water Scuba training with David and Alex. It was hard for me to clear my mask, but eventually I figured it out. It was hard remembering all the steps for sharing air, or the out-of-air ascent. But I did it! The Cozumel trip was fantastic. I did my open water dives there with Alex as my instructor, and it was so much fun! He was so calm, and knowledgeable, and encouraging. I could see it was going to take some time for me to get really comfortable with my buoyancy, and the breathing, but I was plenty comfortable enough to enjoy the diving, and the Oceanic Ventures group was so wonderful. All those experienced divers were so encouraging and helpful to the brand-new,” baby diver.”

Scuba Diving in the Solomon Islands Susan Long and Ann Keibler
Scuba Diving in the Solomon Islands with Susan Long and Ann Keibler

David had let me know in the  Open Water Scuba training that he was the first Oceanic Ventures student to get 100 dives in a year. That sounded like a challenge to me, and I like challenges! Also it was quite clear after the Cozumel trip that the more experience I had, the more fun I could have as a diver. So I set myself the informal goal of getting 100 dives in a year. In order to keep diving through the winter, I started drysuit training and bought a drysuit. I started Advanced Open Water Scuba training, if for no other reason that it was more diving experience! I went with Oceanic Ventures to St. Croix, Belize, Cozumel, and then to Grand Cayman in August! (Donna and I did get to do a few dives on our trip to Costa Rica.) By the time I got to Grand Cayman, I had achieved the 100 dives, between the trips, the training, and being a fun diver at Blue Lagoon and 288 Lake.

Where I Am Now…

So what about all the concerns I had, and my husband had? Well, first off, safety is obviously the first priority at Oceanic Ventures. Now that I am diving, I wonder how people got themselves into those situations in those scary dive books. Of course, mistakes can happen, but most of those incidents are inconceivable on an Oceanic Ventures trip. Yes, diving is expensive, and I have a LOT of stuff. I am still dealing with how to organize it and where it all needs to go between trips. Oh well! The experiences I have had as a diver, and the friends I have made, have been more than worth it.

Scuba Diver Susan Long Diving in Fiji
Susan in Fiji

I love being a part of the Oceanic Ventures “tribe.” It feels like home. I am very impressed with the emphasis on safety and professionalism at Oceanic Ventures. Ann and Eric Keibler run a tight ship, with little room for error, but lots of room for fun. It is easy to have fun when you have confidence in the trip leader, the dive location, the divemasters, and the choice of dive sites. And you get to go play with your dive peeps!

My husband has put up with all this graciously, taking me to the airport and kissing me goodbye as I go off on my next diving adventure. I am so happy to report that since his retirement last August he has become a certified scuba diver, and we are going on our second trip to Cozumel with Oceanic Ventures next month!

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First Dive Cache In Texas Established by Scuba Divers at Oceanic Ventures, Inc. in Houston, Texas

Steve Soulen With Dive CacheThis past weekend, our new Cache Master, Steven Soulen, Installed the first Dive Cache in Texas.  The Cache was placed in 288 Lake in a secret location.  In order to find the cache, you can follow this link for the clues.

Like geocaching, the Dive Cache program is a way for individuals and groups to use their navigation skills to locate a secret “cache.”  These containers have some token items and a list of people who have discovered the cache.  The list of searchers is periodically posted to the main geocaching website, OpenCaching.com.

Looking for dive caches is a way for divers to practice their navigation skills and have fun doing it. According to Ann Keibler, President of Oceanic Ventures, “we saw that there were DiveCaches in a lot of other places in the United States but there were none in Texas.  Steve Soulen volunteered to establish and maintain the first in a series of Dive Caches that we hope to place in our local training lakes.  DEMA, the Diving Equipment & Manufacturing Association, the trade organization for the diving industry, has been promoting this program throughout the country but there were no Dive Caches established in Texas so we decided to step up and start the program ourselves.

This event even made the Dive Newswire!

Next time you are at the lake, try your navigation skills and find the cache.  But remember, if you take something out of it, you have to put something back in it that still represents a prize to the next searcher.

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Scuba Diving Practice – Local Lake Diving

open water october 2012
The Early Morning Arrivals for Wades Excelent Adventure Barbeque

Wow!  We had a great time up at Blue Lagoon yesterday.  Wade proved once again that he is a master at the smoker and grill.  The wild boar and grass fed brisket were awesome and no one went away hungry.  While the weather threatened and delivered on the ride up to Huntsville, the weather at the Lagoon was nice and we had clear skies in the afternoon. 

Practice your buoyancy skills locally…

I am often asked “do you still enjoy diving at Blue Lagoon?”  I think what they actually mean is, that since I have been all over the world what can I possible find to do at Blue Lagoon or any local diving venue for that matter.  What they fail to understand is that local diving affords you the opportunity to practice and maintain your skills.  There is also a social aspect to local diving which I have often described as a barbecue interrupted by diving.

In order to keep the dives interesting you have to go in with a plan or purpose.  In my earlier diving days I used local diving as a way to improve my navigational skills.  It was a challenge to find all of the objects in the lake and return to the beach without surfacing.  These skills have served me well over the years.  To keep these skills sharp, I still practice underwater navigation in the lakes. 

You can use your time underwater at these local venues to improve your buoyancy.  In an earlier article I talked about using the underwater boats as a fixed point of reference and forcing yourself to hover in place.  Another drill is to swim like a slalom skier maintaining neutral buoyancy and proper trim while swimming in and around rocks, trees, stumps, etc. 

Pick objects on the bottom and swim around them, maintaining your trim and placement in the water.  Work on making the turns without using your hands for steering.  As you improve, try making sharper turns and then introduce changes in depth to your drills.  Remember the first rule of scuba, breath continuously.  Some people start concentrating too much on the drills and maintaining neutral buoyancy that they start violating this rule.  Keep breathing but use your breathing to help you achieve these depth changes (unless you are on a rebreather of course). 

As you do these drills, work on not kicking up the bottom.  The tighter your turns, the more you will need to be in a bent leg diving position using “helicopter turns” and small very specific kicks to move through your course.  If you are unfamiliar with these turns or this style of diving, then you might find an Advanced Buoyancy Control class useful. 

The group diving with me this weekend got to experience this type of diving first hand as we wove through the boulder fields around the lake.  Of course they skipped a few turns because they thought I was just doubling back, lost.  Little did they know we were heading back to our entry point 50 more minutes in the future.